Unit #4- Key Questions What triumphs and setbacks have the Jews experienced in their history?
What triumphs and setbacks have the Arabs experienced in their history?
What roles have the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire played in the Middle East?
Why are all the competing claims of Arabs and Jews to the land of Palestine?
How have twentieth century wars shaped the modern Middle East?
What are the current obstacles to peace in the Middle East?
Unit #4 Key Concepts Biblical History of the Jews
Muhammad and the Rise of Islam
Ottoman and British Rule in the Middle East
Twentieth Century Wars in the Middle East
Competing Claims to Palestine
Obstacles to Peace in the Middle East
The Middle East: Land
I. Land
A. Designation : geography from western point of view. 1. Why “Middle East”?
2. An Example of:
B. Definitions
1. Geographical
2. Cultural
C. Dimensions: N (Turkey), S(Somalia), W (Morroco), E (Afganistan)
D. Divisions: Five Regions
A. The Ancient Middle East: Beginnings of River Civilizations
I. Two Civilizations in the Nile River Valley
A. Egypt - The 5 P’s
B. Kush - The 6 M’s 1) Maratime Trade2) Metals (Mining)3) Meroe4) Monarchy
5) Military
6) Manufacturing
II. Two Civilizations in the Tigris-Euphrates River Valley
A. Sumer P = Monarchy; City State
E = Currency (precious metals); agriculture (surplus) B. Babylonia
III. One Civilization in the Jordan River Valley
A. Abram/Abraham Story
1. Abraham leaves his father’s land in Tigris-Euphrates River valley
2. Abraham’s descendants will be the people entitled to the ___ land.
3. Ishmael/Ismail Story
4. Isaac Story
B. Moses Story
1. Birth + Adoption
2. Murder & Escape & Theophany (Burning Bush)
3. Mission & Plagues & Passover & Exodus (Red Sea)
4. Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai
C. Reconquest of the Promised Land (Joshua & the Judges) and Covenant at Shechem
everyone comes together as Israelites
make a deal with God: if they follow 10 commandments, God will give them everything they want
D. United Kingdom of Saul, David, and Solomon & Building of the Temple
the temple represents the Israelites faith to God
E. Warnings of the Prophets
the people forgot what got them so well off in the first place (God is responsible for their success)
Prophets tell them they need to start following the 10 commandments again
F. Conquest by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans --- First Destruction of Temple
1. Secular Explanation
needed control
was at the cross roads of the continents
had lots of resources
2. Religious Explanation
failed to follow 10 commandments
B. Middle East 0-1500 ‘The Arab Golden Age
I. Last Days of the Roman Empire
A. Pax Romana
long period of peace
travel and trade across the land was easy and safe
B. The 2nd Destruction of the Temple and Jewish Diaspora
final destruction of temple- it was never rebuilt
Jews dispersed to the four corners of the earth due to too much harassment
C. Masada and Masada Complex
masada: fortress mountain top (it is a place)
-Romans were trying to get Jews to become their slaves so the Jews committed suicide
masada complex: psychological state of mind
-Jews would rather die while they still had their freedom of religion than become roman slaves, so they killed themeselves
II. The Beginnings of Islam
A. Life of Muhammad
1. Call from Allah through Angel Gabriel
*emphasized brotherhood and equality
2. Hegira (Hijra) to Medina
people tried to kill Muhammad due to some of his beliefs so he fled to Medina, which became the birthplace of Islam
3. Return to Mecca & Dedication of Kaaba
B. Koran Class
1. Surah 1
2. Surah 5
3. Surah 19
4. Surah 28
III. The Abbasid Caliphate
A. Stable Political System
B. Productive Economic System
C. Organized Sociological System
D. Thriving Culture
V. The Crusades (10)
-The word crusade, in general, has a religous connotation A. Pope Urban II’s Goal
-Political: unify the political power in the church. (No separation of church and state)
- Religion: Was over the holy lands. (They are important to the Jexs, Moslems and Christians, but the pope wanted to get the
holy land from the non-christians B. Impact
-Rise on anti-semitism -tension between chistians and moslems arise
-Europe is coming out of the Dark ages and they want control of the crossroads
-European colonization begins
C. Middle East 1500-1800: The Ottoman Empire
I. In the Beginning: A Splendid Superpower
Abbasid Caliphate
Comparison
Ottoman Empire (Sultanate)
Rise and fall in period B
When?
Rise in period C
Decline in period D
End in period E
Europe took over in periods D and E
ME Headquartered in Bagdahd
Where?
ME headquartered in Constantinople
Theocracy - Caliph (King)
Ethnic Elites - Arabs
What?
Theorcracy - Sultan (king)
Ethnic Elites - Turks
(Turks think/thought that they are better than
any other group.)
Arabs point with pride to their Golden Age
Lots of culture
Why important?
Golden age of Turks (period C)
Arabs and Jews of palistine are opressed
minorities
Christian Armenian "Genocide"
A. Headquartered in Constantinople
- P Sultan: Makes all the decisions
Pashas: Government officials in charge of beuracracy. Raise arms and collect taxes
Janissaries: Slaves. The "Origional Navy Seals" Were fierce and fought until they won or they were all dead. Had no want in life as everything was provided by the Sultan. They could never marry. When they died all of their possestions went back to the Sultan.
-E: Agriculture, trade (inter: africa and europe intra: Iraq, iran)
-S: The amount of land you own determines your status
*Sultan and land woners at the top. Psants and slaves at the bottom
*Harem: woman whose goal was to provide sexual pleasures. They wanted to bear the Sultan's son
*Eunichs: male guards that keep watch over the harem. They must be castrated so they don't get the women pregnant. Have the same right's/privilages as the Janissaries
II. As Time Wore On: “The Sick Man in Europe”
A. Threats from the "Inside"
1. Weak Sultans: Palace intrigue and alcoholism-use wealth for themselves, people got mad because they didn't have a voice, paranoia-Palace
Intrigue: palace drama...like in high school!
nepitism: putting friends in high places, not qualified people 2. Rising nationalism: Slavs, Arabs, Jews (Zionism)
B. Threats from the "Outside"
1. British protectiong possestions on the ME-divide and conquer 2. Russia looking for a water rout through Bosporus-want to trade with Europe D. Middle East in the 19th Century: The Beginnings of Zionism
I. From “Russia with Hate”: The Story of Rabinsky Brothers
A. Where? -Russia: Pale of Settlement (called Pale because the earth was unfertile and therefore "pale") B. When? -Period D C. What Happened? -
Prgroms: Anti-jewish riots in which people sexually assult others, murder children and try to destroy anything jewish-
Organized by the government, comitted by students/citizens-Jews have become scapegoats III. A Trial in France
A. Alfred Dreyfus- officer in French army
accused of treason (betrayal) falsely
scapegoat because of his religion
B. Theodore Herzl- journalist
-surprised by the conviction of Dreyfus
-Led push for a Jewish state (Zionist leader)
E. The Middle East in the 20th Century: Zionism in Arabia
I.Situation in Palestine in 1901
Arab-Jew relationship is peaceful, but there is no friendship, just toleration.
Both were opressed
II. Impact of WWI on the Middle East
A.Central Powers vs. Allied Powers
Central Powers - Germans, Turks, austro-hungarians
Allied Powers - British, French, Russians
Only fought in European Theatre
B. Arabs and Jews of Palestine's Fight with Great Britain against Ottoman Empire
1. McMahon Letter
-McMahon - high commissioner in Britain
-Hussein - Arab king in Jordan - leader of small empire within ottoman
-Agreement that Arabs would revolt against Turks and British would support their independence afterwords.
-A lot not specified - very vague
-the word independence was not specified by the british 2. Balfour Letter
Weizmann (zionist) lobbies with British for a return to Palestine
Makes Palestine a home for the Jews
No plan on the letter
Will not kick out or prejudice the people there
Jews would be normal citizens 3. Sykes-Picot Agreement
Sykes - British officer
Picot - French Officer
Ottoman territories would be split between Russia, France, Britain
They would all share the crossroads area
Jews and Arabs not even considered
Contradicts Balfour/McMahon Letters
C. League of Nations Mandates
League of Nations: exclusive commitee of important countries - precursor of UN
-US did not support it
Mandate
-system to deal out ottoman area between France, Britain and Russia
-British was the strongest - got Palestine
"peace to end all peace"
-pre United Nations-exclusive club (only friendly nations were allowed)
III. Impact of WWII
A.Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers
B.Two Theatres
C. The Holocaust
1. Why did it occur?
2. What were the stages?
3. Why did so few Jews resist?
4. Why did the rest of the world do so little to stop it?
5. What were the consequences?
6. Can it happen again?
IV. The Situation in Palestine in 1946
V. Great Britain Relinquishes Mandate for Palestine
A. WWII Devastation in GB, money needed for Reconstruction at home
B. Problems with Hindu-Moslem Tension in British India
C. British losing lives and money in Policing Palestine (GB’s Vietnam)
VI. United Nations considers Palestine Problem
A. Competing Claims to Palestine
B. Partition or Not?
C. UN Vote
Cambodia, Vietnam, Japan, and China
Cambodia and Vietnam, 2 Victims of the Cold War I. The Past is Prologue A. Both Were Victims of French Imperialism
1. Things Fell Apart
P- System replaced by the French's government system
E- Subsistance farmers to cash crops, spices became important
S- Patriarchal society to Christian, wealthy, landowners (were now the elite)
C- Buddhist to Christianity and French was the new language
2. The French "frenchified" Vietense and Cambodians
B. Both Were Victims of Japanese Imperialism in Period E (WWII)
1. Japanese potrayed themselves as saviors with the slogan "Asia for Asians"
-Said that they would make Cambodians and Vietnemese powerful and safe from European imperialism if they worked hard and did buisness with them
- The Japanese needed to take over before anyone else did.
2. Japanese were really exploiters of natural and human resources (labor) and market (comsumers)
C. Both were re-colinezed by French after WWII
1. French, educated, christian elite were favored again
2. "Uneducated", Buddhist masses ignored
-Vietnemese and Cambodians now trusted nobody, don't see eachother as one country
Unit #4- Key Questions
What triumphs and setbacks have the Jews experienced in their history?
What triumphs and setbacks have the Arabs experienced in their history?
What roles have the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire played in the Middle East?
Why are all the competing claims of Arabs and Jews to the land of Palestine?
How have twentieth century wars shaped the modern Middle East?
What are the current obstacles to peace in the Middle East?
Unit #4 Key Concepts
Biblical History of the Jews
Muhammad and the Rise of Islam
Ottoman and British Rule in the Middle East
Twentieth Century Wars in the Middle East
Competing Claims to Palestine
Obstacles to Peace in the Middle East
The Middle East: Land
I. Land
A. Designation : geography from western point of view.
1. Why “Middle East”?
2. An Example of:
B. Definitions
1. Geographical
2. Cultural
C. Dimensions: N (Turkey), S(Somalia), W (Morroco), E (Afganistan)
D. Divisions: Five Regions
A. The Ancient Middle East: Beginnings of River Civilizations
I. Two Civilizations in the Nile River Valley
A. Egypt - The 5 P’s
B. Kush - The 6 M’s 1) Maratime Trade2) Metals (Mining)3) Meroe4) Monarchy
5) Military
6) Manufacturing
II. Two Civilizations in the Tigris-Euphrates River Valley
A. Sumer P = Monarchy; City State
E = Currency (precious metals); agriculture (surplus)
B. Babylonia
III. One Civilization in the Jordan River Valley
A. Abram/Abraham Story
1. Abraham leaves his father’s land in Tigris-Euphrates River valley
2. Abraham’s descendants will be the people entitled to the ___ land.
3. Ishmael/Ismail Story
4. Isaac Story
B. Moses Story
1. Birth + Adoption
2. Murder & Escape & Theophany (Burning Bush)
3. Mission & Plagues & Passover & Exodus (Red Sea)
4. Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai
C. Reconquest of the Promised Land (Joshua & the Judges) and Covenant at Shechem
- everyone comes together as Israelites
- make a deal with God: if they follow 10 commandments, God will give them everything they want
D. United Kingdom of Saul, David, and Solomon & Building of the Temple- the temple represents the Israelites faith to God
E. Warnings of the Prophets- the people forgot what got them so well off in the first place (God is responsible for their success)
- Prophets tell them they need to start following the 10 commandments again
F. Conquest by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans --- First Destruction of Temple1. Secular Explanation
- needed control
- was at the cross roads of the continents
- had lots of resources
2. Religious ExplanationB. Middle East 0-1500 ‘The Arab Golden Age
I. Last Days of the Roman Empire
A. Pax Romana
- long period of peace
- travel and trade across the land was easy and safe
B. The 2nd Destruction of the Temple and Jewish Diaspora- final destruction of temple- it was never rebuilt
- Jews dispersed to the four corners of the earth due to too much harassment
C. Masada and Masada ComplexII. The Beginnings of Islam
A. Life of Muhammad
1. Call from Allah through Angel Gabriel
*emphasized brotherhood and equality
2. Hegira (Hijra) to Medina
3. Return to Mecca & Dedication of Kaaba
B. Koran Class
1. Surah 1
2. Surah 5
3. Surah 19
4. Surah 28
C. Key Concepts of Islam
1. Theology
- shahadah
- monotheistic
- 25 prophets (Muhammad is last)
- judgement day
- heaven and hell
2. Ethics: 5 Pillars3. Liturgy
4. Branches
1. Sunni
2. Shi’ite
III. The Abbasid Caliphate
A. Stable Political System
B. Productive Economic System
C. Organized Sociological System
D. Thriving Culture
V. The Crusades (10)
-The word crusade, in general, has a religous connotation
A. Pope Urban II’s Goal
-Political: unify the political power in the church. (No separation of church and state)
- Religion: Was over the holy lands. (They are important to the Jexs, Moslems and Christians, but the pope wanted to get the
holy land from the non-christians
B. Impact
-Rise on anti-semitism -tension between chistians and moslems arise
-Europe is coming out of the Dark ages and they want control of the crossroads
-European colonization begins
C. Middle East 1500-1800: The Ottoman Empire
I. In the Beginning: A Splendid Superpower
Decline in period D
End in period E
Europe took over in periods D and E
Ethnic Elites - Arabs
Ethnic Elites - Turks
(Turks think/thought that they are better than
any other group.)
Lots of culture
Arabs and Jews of palistine are opressed
minorities
Christian Armenian "Genocide"
A. Headquartered in Constantinople
- P Sultan: Makes all the decisions
Pashas: Government officials in charge of beuracracy. Raise arms and collect taxes
Janissaries: Slaves. The "Origional Navy Seals" Were fierce and fought until they won or they were all dead. Had no want in life as everything was provided by the Sultan. They could never marry. When they died all of their possestions went back to the Sultan.
-E: Agriculture, trade (inter: africa and europe intra: Iraq, iran)
-S: The amount of land you own determines your status
*Sultan and land woners at the top. Psants and slaves at the bottom
*Harem: woman whose goal was to provide sexual pleasures. They wanted to bear the Sultan's son
*Eunichs: male guards that keep watch over the harem. They must be castrated so they don't get the women pregnant. Have the same right's/privilages as the Janissaries
II. As Time Wore On: “The Sick Man in Europe”
A. Threats from the "Inside"
1. Weak Sultans: Palace intrigue and alcoholism-use wealth for themselves, people got mad because they didn't have a voice, paranoia-Palace
Intrigue: palace drama...like in high school!
nepitism: putting friends in high places, not qualified people
2. Rising nationalism: Slavs, Arabs, Jews (Zionism)
B. Threats from the "Outside"
1. British protectiong possestions on the ME-divide and conquer
2. Russia looking for a water rout through Bosporus-want to trade with Europe
D. Middle East in the 19th Century: The Beginnings of Zionism
I. From “Russia with Hate”: The Story of Rabinsky Brothers
A. Where? -Russia: Pale of Settlement (called Pale because the earth was unfertile and therefore "pale")
B. When? -Period D
C. What Happened? -
Prgroms: Anti-jewish riots in which people sexually assult others, murder children and try to destroy anything jewish-
Organized by the government, comitted by students/citizens-Jews have become scapegoats
III. A Trial in France
A. Alfred Dreyfus- officer in French army
accused of treason (betrayal) falsely
scapegoat because of his religion
B. Theodore Herzl- journalist
-surprised by the conviction of Dreyfus
-Led push for a Jewish state (Zionist leader)
E. The Middle East in the 20th Century: Zionism in Arabia
I. Situation in Palestine in 1901
Arab-Jew relationship is peaceful, but there is no friendship, just toleration.
Both were opressed
II. Impact of WWI on the Middle East
A. Central Powers vs. Allied Powers
Central Powers - Germans, Turks, austro-hungarians
Allied Powers - British, French, Russians
Only fought in European Theatre
B. Arabs and Jews of Palestine's Fight with Great Britain against Ottoman Empire
1. McMahon Letter
-McMahon - high commissioner in Britain
-Hussein - Arab king in Jordan - leader of small empire within ottoman
-Agreement that Arabs would revolt against Turks and British would support their independence afterwords.
-A lot not specified - very vague
-the word independence was not specified by the british
2. Balfour Letter
Weizmann (zionist) lobbies with British for a return to Palestine
Makes Palestine a home for the Jews
No plan on the letter
Will not kick out or prejudice the people there
Jews would be normal citizens
3. Sykes-Picot Agreement
Sykes - British officer
Picot - French Officer
Ottoman territories would be split between Russia, France, Britain
They would all share the crossroads area
Jews and Arabs not even considered
Contradicts Balfour/McMahon Letters
C. League of Nations Mandates
League of Nations: exclusive commitee of important countries - precursor of UN
-US did not support it
Mandate
-system to deal out ottoman area between France, Britain and Russia
-British was the strongest - got Palestine
"peace to end all peace"
-pre United Nations-exclusive club (only friendly nations were allowed)
III. Impact of WWII
A. Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers
B. Two Theatres
C. The Holocaust
1. Why did it occur?
2. What were the stages?
3. Why did so few Jews resist?
4. Why did the rest of the world do so little to stop it?
5. What were the consequences?
6. Can it happen again?
IV. The Situation in Palestine in 1946
V. Great Britain Relinquishes Mandate for Palestine
A. WWII Devastation in GB, money needed for Reconstruction at home
B. Problems with Hindu-Moslem Tension in British India
C. British losing lives and money in Policing Palestine (GB’s Vietnam)
VI. United Nations considers Palestine Problem
A. Competing Claims to Palestine
B. Partition or Not?
C. UN Vote
Cambodia, Vietnam, Japan, and China
Cambodia and Vietnam, 2 Victims of the Cold War
I. The Past is Prologue
A. Both Were Victims of French Imperialism
1. Things Fell Apart
P- System replaced by the French's government system
E- Subsistance farmers to cash crops, spices became important
S- Patriarchal society to Christian, wealthy, landowners (were now the elite)
C- Buddhist to Christianity and French was the new language
2. The French "frenchified" Vietense and Cambodians
B. Both Were Victims of Japanese Imperialism in Period E (WWII)
1. Japanese potrayed themselves as saviors with the slogan "Asia for Asians"
-Said that they would make Cambodians and Vietnemese powerful and safe from European imperialism if they worked hard and did buisness with them
- The Japanese needed to take over before anyone else did.
2. Japanese were really exploiters of natural and human resources (labor) and market (comsumers)
C. Both were re-colinezed by French after WWII
1. French, educated, christian elite were favored again
2. "Uneducated", Buddhist masses ignored
-Vietnemese and Cambodians now trusted nobody, don't see eachother as one country